Attention is the first step in this [and every] learning experience. — Pat Wolfe
Where does one begin when discussing/addressing/supporting cognitive strategy?
In my opinion, when it comes to successful learning, it all begins with the learners’ ability to focus their attention. This may seem like an overly simplistic way to suggest someone begin the process of learning and/or supporting a learner's application of cognitive strategy; but anyone familiar with Gagné’s Nine Events of Instruction is aware of the importance of attention in the learning process.
In the work titled Principles of Instructional Design, Gagné and his colleagues state that, skill at gaining the attention of students, involving insightful knowledge of the particular students involved, is part of the teacher’s art (Gagné, Wager, Golas, & Keller 2005). This isn’t just the logical starting point. This initial event of gaining the learner’s attention supports the brain’s reception of information, which initiates the physical process of learning (defined as creation of neuronal networks).
When training people who are new to the practice of designing and developing eLearning experiences, I often make the statement that reading isn’t learning. When I say this I am not trying to discount the value of reading. Reading definitely plays an important role in the learning process. Instead, I am trying to communicate that if learners are simply reading instructional material without attending to it, they aren’t fully engaged in the learning process. The difference between the two is fairly basic. Many people read without actually processing what they are reading. They see the words and they take them in, but they really don’t process beyond understanding what the words mean. Basically, they approach reading and learning independently of each other—as if it is simply a list of chores to be completed. An engaged learner is one who brings his or her thoughts and questions to a book (Caine & Caine 2006). To continue in the words of Caine and Caine (2006), they read differently than someone who simply surfs the overt meanings of the words. During the Attend Stage, learners should decide as they read what is most and least relevant and direct their attention accordingly.
Those making decisions regarding the design and development of instructional material, as well as the design of learning environments, should keep in mind that relevance is of great importance in engaging learners. Because adult learners don’t want to waste even an ounce of energy directed toward learning, we must ensure that every assignment, passage, and requirement can be tied directly to the lesson and course objectives. In addition, if there is any room for confusion we should continue working on the material until its purpose is crystal clear. This does not mean that you need to oversimplify the content. In fact, according to Wolfe (2006) there are two factors that greatly improve learner recall and understanding, both of which are controlled by the designer of the learning experience. The first is whether, or not, the information has meaning and the second factor is whether, or not, the information has an emotional hook. While designing learning experiences to meet these standards will initially require more effort of the designers, McLaren states that it is very important to acknowledge that learners will have a better experience if they are allowed to complete tasks that engage their minds rather than simply reading and listening to lectures (Hsi & Gale 2003, page 7). Providing learners with multiple options throughout the learning experience to include varying degrees of interaction will more likely ensure that they have a positive experience (Battalio 2009).
Next week, I'll share thoughts on the Consider Stage of The College Network's AcaciAa Model.
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